论文阅读20250805
题目:Models on ship scheduling in transshipment hubs with considering bunker cost
作者:Lu Zhen,Tao Shen,Shuaian Wang,Shucheng Yu
摘要
This paper studies a decision problem for scheduling ships’ starting operation time in a transshipment hub with considering the bunker cost and the transshipment cost of containers. Based on the information about the handing capacity of the container port in each period, the port operator makes a proper decision and informs the shipping companies about the start operation days of each liner route. The optimized decision may help shipping companies significantly reduce the cost. This study proposes a mixed integer programming model. The NP-hardness of the problem is proved. A local branching based solution method is also developed for solving the model. Extensive numerical experiments demonstrate the optimality of the solution by the proposed method is less than 3% for large-scale problem instances.
批注:这篇论文就是针对需要进行中转作业的船只,决策starting operation time(这个词组就是指船舶从哪个period(文中在建模的时候考虑的规划期是1周,也就是168小时,把1个period定义为1个小时)起开始在转运港作业,对应模型
批注:这个Fig3就是这篇文章研究的场景,只考虑一个dedicated terminal的情况(当然,后面作者通过拓展的模型
背景部分
Container shipping is vital to global trade. The international ocean freights are mainly containerized especially in the transshipment hubs. There are two major players in container shipping: container shipping lines and container port operators (Talley and Ng, 2013). The benefits and cost issues on their sides (port operators & shipping lines) are intertwined. Efficient operations on one of the two sides will benefit the other side. This paper focuses on port operation problems in transshipment hubs, as the transshipment has become more and more important in terminals around the world. This trend is expected to continue especially when ocean liners are using larger ships and visiting fewer ports.
批注:这段话来自于Introduction部分,就是说转运变得越来越重要,所以要研究转运港运营的问题。另一方面,参与在转运过程中的两个主体——集装箱航运公司和集装箱港它们的收益和成本是紧密交织在一起的,所以要系统考虑双方,实现系统的最优,而不单单是某一参与主体(这一点在7.1节也有提到:“The port operator and the shipping line must collaborate closely to achieve the overall system optimization (i.e., the minimization of fuel cost and transshipment container holding cost). Otherwise, the port operator may be more concerned about its own interest. The port operator and the shipping line can make decisions in a holistic manner if the terminal is a dedicated one operated/used by the shipping line. This is common in reality, and this is the motivation of our study.”)。
模型部分
符号说明
集合和参数
:船舶的索引。
:所有船舶的集合。
:period的索引。
:所有period的集合,考虑服务周期是1周,1个period对应1个小时,所以 的cardinality就是168。
:索引为 的船舶可以在哪个period到达中转港的集合,计算方法应该是 。
:允许船舶在中转港停留的period数的集合,比如 就表示船舶最少可以在中转港停留1个period,最多可以在中转港停留48个period。
:船舶在第 个period到达中转港,停泊 个period,且这 个period中包含了第 个period的所有 的集合。
:一个集装箱在中转港存放一个period的费用。
:岸桥在一个period可以移动的次数,衡量的是中转港口的装卸货物效率。 :泊位的数量。 :船舶 在第 个period从previous port到中转港的燃油成本。作者用回归分析方法给出了它的计算公式,它是航段长度(与 ,即是哪一个船有关)和t的函数。 :船舶 在第 个period从previous port到中转港并在中转港停泊 个period的情况下,从中转港到next port的燃油成本。作者用回归分析方法给出了它的计算公式,它是航段长度(与 ,即是哪一个船有关)和t的函数。 :需要从从 船搞到 船上运输的集装箱的数量。 :船舶 分别在第 个period到达中转港的情况下 船上的这批集装箱需要在港口放多长时间。文中是直接给了一个很简单的公式去计算这个参数,但没说公式咋来的…
决策变量
:0-1变量,取1就表示船舶 在第 个period到中转港,反之亦反之。 :0-1变量,取1就表示船舶 在第 个period到中转港并在中转港停泊 个period。
模型建立
批注:目标函数相对比较好理解,第一项就是整个船队在previous port到中转港这个leg上花费的燃油成本,第二项是整个船队在中转港到next port这个leg上花费的燃油成本,第三项是在中转港总的集装箱存储成本。约束条件中前三项也比较好理解,分别表示一艘船舶什么时候到中转港、停留多久是唯一的,船舶不可能在
批注:这就是两个0-1变量相乘线性化的问题,我比较不确定的是为什么原文中并没写前两条约束,是否是因为
The model can incorporate a number of other practical considerations.
- The shipping line may not only be interested in the optimal solution, but also interested in obtaining the best few solutions and then choosing one from them. The shipping line may not choose the optimal solution as it may have other considerations that are not modeled.
批注:多模态问题在GA常见有两种思路——并行小生境(通过共享机制对处于拥挤小生境的个体适应度值进行惩罚)、串行小生境(可以通过对搜索空间施加约束来避开已经找到过的最优解)。感觉他这里应该用的是后者,约束(17)的作用是保证当前解和下一次迭代的解至少有一项是不同的,从而避开已经找到过的最优解。
If a ship
cannot arrive at the port in a particular period , for instance, because a major shipper objects the arrival time , then we could easily incorporate this consideration by adding the following constraint: If Ship
and Ship must arrive at the port at the same period for commercial reasons, then we could add the following constraint: The shipping line may want to know, given the arrival time of each ship
, if in a particular week the demand is higher than the forecasted values , how many extra containers can be handled. Suppose that an extra (percentage) of containers can be handled, then we can solve:
批注:(4)考虑的是在估计的
算法部分
The model
批注:这个算法的终止条件我是第一次见,一般的算法都是通过最大迭代次数、GAP或最长求解时间来决定何时终止,他这里用的是解的最大未改进次数。另外需要注意的就是算法中用来产生imbalanced search tree的约束(37),
For evaluating the performance of the local branching based solution method, we compare it with the optimal solution directly obtained by the widely used CPLEX solver. In addition, we also compare with another meta-heuristic based on a given sequence of ships. This heuristic is called sequence based method (heuristic) and was proposed by Lee et al. (2006) and widely used in solving some optimization models on port operations.
批注:这块儿主要是学习做算法有效性分析的思路,作者用的算法性能评价指标是CPU时间和GAP值,Table1是在船舶规模为20的算例上进行的实验,比较好理解。但在大规模算例的比较就比较有技巧了,因为cplex没办法短时间解出大规模问题的最优解,所以作者考虑用原问题
术语积累
- transshipment hub:中转枢纽港
- shipping lines:航运公司,注意line这个词可以指运输公司
- berth,quay cranes,yard cranes,yard trucks:泊位、岸桥、场桥、堆场集卡
- terminal:码头,注意码头和港口的关系,一个港口可以有若干码头
- consolidation of services:服务整合
- empty container repositioning:空箱调运
- port call:港口停泊
- Berth allocation problem(BAP):泊位分配问题
- leg:航段
- route:航线,一个航线包含若干航段
- free time of transshipment containners:转运集装箱的免费存储时长
- state-of-art:最先进的
- dedicated terminal:专用码头
- P问题:有多项式时间算法求解的问题
- NP问题:不确定多项式时间求解的问题,就是说还没发现多项式时间算法,但是可以用多项式时间算法验证一个解到底是不是这个问题的解的问题
- NPC问题:NP完全问题,即NP难问题和NP问题的交际,满足:(1)是NP问题(2)有多项式规约算法把所有NP问题归结为它
- NP-Hard问题:NP难问题,满足:有多项式规约算法把所有NP问题归结为它。如果知道一个算法是NP难的,基本就别想用精确算法找最优解了
读后批注
This study also has limitations. For example, this study only considers the time cost for the transshipped containers in a port but the transportation cost for them is not taken into account. In addition, global maritime transportation contains a lot of uncertainty (Zhen, 2015; Zhen and Wang, 2015), which will further complicate the current model which is mainly for a deterministic decision environment. The above issues could be some interesting research directions for our future study.
批注:这是作者认为本文的不足之处——(1)只考虑了时间成本通过中转集装箱的库存成本体现但是没有考虑运输成本。不太理解这里说的中转集装箱的运输成本是什么,是它们在中转港内运输的成本吗?(2)模型是在确定性环境下搭建的,没有考虑任何不确定性因素。
Proposition 1: The ship scheduling problem described by model
批注:看不懂作者在4.3节是怎么证明





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